Rubber composition and pneumatic tire

ABSTRACT

There are provided a rubber composition having a high modulus of elasticity and a good workability, and a pneumatic tire. 
     A rubber composition comprising at least one of natural rubber and synthetic diene rubbers as a rubber ingredient, at least one maleimide compound, and at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of polyaniline, hydrazide, and amine compound is used in a tread.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a rubber composition and a pneumatic tire, and more particularly to a technique for obtaining a rubber composition having a good workability and a high modulus of elasticity as well as a pneumatic tire.

Prior Art

Recently, it is demanded to develop the steering stability and gripping property higher than the conventional one even in tire performances as power and running speed of automobiles become higher.

In rubber industry, bismaleimide is practically examined as a cross-linking agent. In JP-A-63-99251 is reported that the heat resistance and the high maneuverability are simultaneously established by compounding a bismaleimide compound with a styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR). And also, the effect of lowering heat build-up through hydrazide as reported in JP-A-10-139934.

Among various road surface conditions, a wet road surface on a rainy day is slippery, so that the running of automobiles is risky. And also, there is recently a tendency to take a regulation to a braking distance and hence wet-skid performances become increasingly important.

As a conventional technique for improving wet-skid performances, there are a method of shifting Tg of a polymer to a higher temperature side to increase tan δ (0° C.), a method of compounding silica to improve wet performances, and so on.

However, in the former method of increasing tan δ, it is difficult to simultaneously establish other performances such as dry-skid performances, low rolling resistance and the like. And also, in the latter method of compounding silica, there are disadvantages that a lock μ, at wet state (frictional coefficient when a tire is fully locked and slipping 100%) is not improved, and the like.

On the other hand, the applicant has discovered that the wet-skid performances can be improved by using N,N′-(1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide and silica together. However, it has been confirmed that when compounding N,N′-(1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide, tan δ at 60° C. is not sufficiently lowered, and the rolling resistance becomes slightly high when being used in a tire tread.

Problems to be solved by the Invention

Recently, the inventors have discovered that when bismaleimide is compounded with rubber containing not less than 50% by weight of SBR together with silica, not only a heat resistance is improved but also a dynamic storage modulus (E′) becomes higher and the steering stability is improved when such a rubber composition using bismaleimide is used in a tread.

However, when a greater amount of bismaleimide is compounded with SBR-containing rubber as mentioned above, vulcanization reaction is obstructed by bismaleimide and hence a long time is taken in the vulcanization and also a blow point (easiness of bubble generation in rubber) at the same vulcanizing degree becomes higher, so that it is necessary to take further longer vulcanization time in order to conduct the vulcanization without leaving bubbles in a rubber article, and the productivity largely lowers and becomes impracticable.

As regards this problem, it can naturally be considered to use an accelerator quickening the start-up of the vulcanization or so-called ultra-accelerator such as guanidines, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. However, these compounds can quicken the start-up of vulcanization to shorten a burning time (scorch time) of an uncured rubber, but fail to largely improve the blow point.

Therefore, the inventors have investigated a cause of obstructing the vulcanization reaction through bismaleimide and confirmed that a reaction between a vulcanization accelerator and a bismaleimide occurs earlier than the vulcanization reaction particularly in SBR compounded system and hence the vulcanization is obstructed are used. This is particularly more remarkable when thiazole-based and thiuram-based vulcanization accelerators are used. Further, it has been confirmed that a part of bismaleimide is decomposed and gasified due to the reaction between a bismaleimide and a vulcanization accelerator and hence an amount of gas larger than in a usual case is generated in rubber to degrade the blow point.

It is, therefore, an object of the invention to solve the above problems and to provide a technique capable of further improving a merit of bismaleimide for the increase in elasticity and avoiding a demerit of productivity due to the delay in vulcanization and to provide a rubber composition capable of providing a pneumatic tire with a remarkable non-slip effect, excellent wet-skid performances and a low rolling resistance on a wet road surface having an extremely low frictional coefficient.

Means for solving the Problems

In order to achieve the above object, the invention is constituted as follows.

The rubber composition according to the invention is characterized by comprising at least one rubber of natural rubber and synthetic diene rubbers as a rubber ingredient, at least one maleimide compound, and at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of polyanilines, hydrazides and amine compounds. And also, the rubber composition is characterized by comprising at least one rubber of natural rubber and synthetic diene rubbers and at least one maleimide compound selected from the group consisting of bismaleimide, oligomers and polymers of bismaleimide.

Further, the pneumatic tire according to the invention uses the above rubber composition in its tread.

Embodiments of the Invention

The invention will be described in detail below.

In the invention can be used natural rubber and synthetic diene rubbers. As the synthetic diene rubber, mention may be made of cis-1,4-polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene copolymer, polybutadiene, low cis-1,4-polybutadiene, high cis-1,4-polybutadiene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, chloroprene, halogenated butyl rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and so on. The natural rubber and synthetic diene rubbers may be used alone or in a blend thereof.

The natural rubber and at least one of cis-1,4-polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene copolymer and polybutadiene as the diene rubber are preferable because the improving effect by the combination with bismaleimide and hydrazide aiming at the invention is made clear.

And also, it is preferable that the remarkable effect is obtained when at least one of butadiene rubber (BR) and styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR) is included in the rubber ingredient in an amount of not less than 50% by weight. More preferably, the amount is not less than 80% by weight.

Heretofore, a maleimide compound is applied to a rubber composition containing, for example, natural rubber or isoprene rubber in an amount of not less than 50% by weight of the rubber ingredient. In this case, however, the tensile stress of full region becomes too high due to the compounding of maleimide and the object of the invention can not sufficiently be attained. And also, when butyl rubber is included in an amount of not less than 50% by weight, the increase of tensile stress in a desired region becomes small even in the compounding of the maleimide, so that the object of the invention can not be attained sufficiently likewise the above case.

Comparing BR and SBR with each other, SBR is preferable from a viewpoint of the establishment with dry gripping performance, and further the use of an emulsion polymerized SBR is preferable in view of wear resistance.

As the maleimide compounds used in the invention, a bismaleimide compound represented by the formula [7], or an oligomer or polymer of bismaleimide is preferable.

Moreover, when R⁹ or R²⁰ in the general formula [7] of the bismaleimide compound is an alkylene group, if the carbon number is not less than 4, the molecular weight of the bismaleimide compound becomes large, so that the increasing effect of dynamic storage modulus aimed at the invention is not obtained at the compounding amount thereof.

As the bismaleimide compounds preferably usable in the invention, mention may be made of N,N′-(1,2-phenylene) bismaleimide, N,N′-(1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N′-(1,4-phenylene) bismaleimide, N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide, 2,2-bis[4-(4-maleimidophenoxy)phenyl] propane, bis(3-ethyl,5-methyl-4-maleimidophenyl)methane and so on. One or more of them may be included in the rubber composition.

As the oligomer or polymer of bismaleimide preferably usable in the invention, mention may be made of (1) polybismaleimide oligomer or polymer obtained by simply oligomerizing or polymerizing bismaleimide, (2) polyaminobismaleimide oligomer or polymer obtained from bismaleimide and diamine, (3) bismaleimide triazine oligomer or polymer obtained from bismaleimide and dicyanate and so on.

And also, the maleimides as a starting material for bismaleimide oligomer or polymer may include N,N′-(1,2-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N′-(1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide, N,N′-(1,4-phenylene)bismaleimide, 1,1′-(methylene-di-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide and so on. One or more of them can be included.

Furthermore, the diamines as a starting material for polyamino bismaleimide oligomer or polymer may include p-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, bis(4-aminophenyl) methane, bis(4-aminophenyl) ether, bis(4-aminophenyl) sulphone, bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfide and so on. One or more of them can be included.

Moreover, the triazines as a starting material for the bismaleimide triazine oligomer or polymer or a starting material thereof may include cyanuric acid, monocyanate, dicyanate and so on.

In the invention, the oligomer or polymer of bismaleimide is favorable to have a softening point of not higher than 120° C. This is due to the fact that when the softening point exceeds 120° C., it tends to degrade the fracture properties of the rubber composition.

In the invention, the compounding amount of the maleimide compound is preferable to be 0.1-30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient. When it is less than 0.1 part by weight, the effect by the compounding may not sufficiently be obtained, while when it exceeds 30 parts by weight, it tends to degrade the fracture properties. From the similar viewpoint, the amount is preferably 0.5-10 parts by weight, more preferably 0.5-5.0 parts by weight, more particularly 0.5-3.0 parts by weight.

Particularly, in case of using N,N′-(4,4-diphenylmethane) bismaleimide, the compounding amount is preferable to be 0.5-4 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient. When it is less than 0.5 part by weight, the improving effect of wet performances is not sufficient, while when it exceeds 4 parts by weight, the hardening of rubber tends to become severe and the cost becomes expensive.

The polyanilines preferably used in the invention includes bisanilines, aromatic polyanilines and the like. As the bisanilines, mention may be made of p-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, bis(4-aminophenyl) methane, bis(4-aminophenyl)ether, bis(3-aminophenyl) sulphone, bis(4-aminophenyl) sulphone, bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfide, 4,4′-(m-phenylene diisopropylidene) dianiline and so on. The aromatic polyanilines may include aromatic polyanilines represented by the general formula [1] and so on. One or more of them may be included in the rubber composition.

Moreover, when n is 0 or 1 in the polyanilines represented by the formula [1], the modulus of elasticity is not sufficiently improved. And also, the carbon number of R⁶ is not particularly limited. Further, the possible range of 1 in the aromatic polyanilines represented by the formula [2] is an integer of 0 or more, preferably an integer of 0-80.

Further, the compounding amount of the polyanilines is preferable to be 10-200% by weight of the maleimide compound. When the amount is less than 10% by weight, the synergistic effect by the combination with the maleimide compound is not sufficiently obtained, while when it exceeds 200% by weight, the vulcanization is promoted and the rubber tends to be scorched. From the similar viewpoint, the amount is preferably 20-100% by weight.

As a compound represented by the formula [3] among hydrazides used in the invention, mention may be made of 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 2-hydroxy, N′-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 2-hydroxy, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(1-methylethylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(1-methylpropylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(1-methylbutylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(1,3-dimethylbutylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(2-furylmethylene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (1-methylethylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (1-methylbutylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (1,3-dimethylbutylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (2-furylmethylene) hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(benzylidene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-dimethylaminophenylmethylene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-hydroxyphenyl methylene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-phenylethylidene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(diphenylmethylene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-[1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) benzylidene]-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-benzoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(benzylidene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-dimethylaminophenylmethylene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-hydroxyphenyl methylene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-phenylethylidene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(diphenylmethylene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) benzylidene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-1-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(benzylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-dimethylaminophenylmethylene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-hydroxyphenylmethylene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-phenylethylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(diphenylmethylene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-[1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) benzylidene]-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene) propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(benzylidene) propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-dimethylaminophenylmethylene)-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene) propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-hydroxyphenyl methylene)-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-phenylethylidene)-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(diphenylmethylene)-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-[1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) benzylidene]-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(benzylidene), 2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-dimethylaminophenylmethylene), 2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene), 2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-hydroxyphenylmethylene), 2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-phenylethylidene), 2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(diphenylmethylene), 2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-[1-(2,4-dihydroxy phenyl) benzylidene], 2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(2-furylmethylene), 2-methyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene), 2,2-dimethyl propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(benzylidene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-dimethylamino phenylmethylene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-methoxyphenyl methylene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(4-hydroxyphenyl methylene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-phenylethylidene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(diphenylmethylene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide, N′-[1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) benzylidene], 2,2-dimethyl propionic acid hydrazide, N′-(2-furylmethylene), 2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid hydrazide and so on. One or more of them can be included in the rubber composition.

As a preferable hydrazide among them, there are 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylethylidene-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylpropylidene-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy-N′-(2-furylmethylene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 2-hydroxy, N′-[2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene]-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 2-hydroxy, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide, isophthalic acid-di(1-methylethylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid-di(1-methylpropylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid-di(1-methylbutylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid-di(1,3-dimethylbutylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid-di(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene) hydrazide, isophthalic acid-di(2-furylmethylene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid-(1-methylethylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid-(1-methylpropylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid-(1-methylbutylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid-(2-furylmethylene) hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide and N′-(2-furylmethylene)-salicylic acid hydrazide.

Moreover, when s in the formula [3] is not less than 4, the molecular weight of hydrazide becomes large and it is undesirably required to largely increase the compounding amount. When R′ is outside the definition, the given effect is not sufficiently obtained.

As a compound represented by the formula [4] among the hydrazides used in the invention, mention may be made of semicarbazide, carbohydrazide, oxalic acid dihydrazide, malonic acid dihydrazide, succinic acid dihydrazide, glutaric acid dihydrazide, adipic acid dihydrazide, pimelic acid dihydrazide, suberic acid dihydrazide, azelaic acid dihydrazide, sebacic acid dihydrazide, 1,12-dodecane dicarboxylic acid dihydrazide, 1,16-hexadecane dicarboxylic acid dihydrazide, terephthalic acid dihydrazide, isophthalic acid dihydrazide, 2,6-naphthoic acid dihydrazide, 1,4-naphthoic acid dihydrazide, 2,6-pyridine dihydrazide, 4,4′-bisbenzene dihydrazide, salicylic acid hydrazide, p-hydroxy benzoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide, aminobenzoic acid hydrazide and so on. Among them, adipic acid dihydrazide, isophthalic acid dihydrazide, salicylic acid hydrazide and 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide are preferable. One or more of them can be included in the rubber composition.

Even in case of the formula [4] likewise the formula [3], when s is not less than 4, the molecular weight of hydrazide becomes large and it is undesirably required to largely increase the compounding amount, and when R¹ is outside the definition, the given effect is not sufficiently obtained.

Moreover, the compounding amount of hydrazide is preferable to be 5-200% by weight of the compounding amount of the maleimide compound. When the amount is less than 5% by weight, the synergistic effect by the combination with the maleimide compound is not obtained, while when it exceeds 200% by weight, vulcanization is promoted and the rubber tends to be scorched. From the similar viewpoint, the amount is preferably 10-100% by weight.

The amine compound used in the invention is as follows.

The specified alkyl group adoptable as R¹ in the formulae [5 and 6] for the amine and amine addition salt may be straight, branched or cyclic, and includes various octyl groups, various nonyl groups, various decyl groups, various dodecyl groups, various tetradecyl groups, various hexadecyl groups, various octadecyl groups, various behenyl groups, various octenyl groups, various decenyl groups, oleyl group, cyclooctyl group, cyclododecyl group, various cyclooctenyl groups, various cyclododecenyl groups and so on.

The specified aryl group adoptable as R¹³ in the formulae [5 and 6] may have an adequate substituent such as straight, branched or cyclic lower alkyl group or the like on the aromatic ring, and includes phenyl group, various tolyl groups, various xylyl groups, α- or β-naphthyl group, various methylnaphthyl groups, various dimethylnaphthyl groups and so on.

The specified aralkyl group adoptable as R¹³ in the formulae [5 and 6] may have an adequate substituent such as straight, branched or cyclic lower alkyl group or the like on the aromatic ring, and includes benzyl group, various methylbenzyl groups, phenethyl group, various methylphenethyl groups, various naphthylmethyl groups, various (methylnaphthyl)methyl groups and so on.

The specified alkyl group adoptable as R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ in the formulae [5 and 6] may be straight, branched or cyclic, and includes methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, various butyl groups, various pentyl groups, various hexyl groups, various octyl groups, various decyl groups, various dodecyl groups, propenyl group, allyl group, various pentenyl groups, various hexenyl groups, various octenyl groups, various decenyl groups, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cyclooctyl group, various cyclopentenyl groups, various cyclohexenyl groups, various cyclooctenyl groups and so on.

The specified aryl group adoptable as R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ in the formulae [5 and 6] may have an adequate substituent such as straight, branched or cyclic lower alkyl group or the like on the aromatic ring, and includes phenyl group, various tolyl groups, various xylyl groups, α- or β-naphthyl group, various methylnaphthyl groups and so on.

The specified aralkyl group adoptable as R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ in the formulae [5 and 6] may have an adequate substituent such as a straight, a branched or a cyclic lower alkyl group or the like on the aromatic ring, and includes benzyl group, various methylbenzyl groups, phenethyl group, various methylphenethyl groups, various naphthylmethyl groups and so on.

On the other hand, the specified alkyl group adoptable as R¹⁶ in the formulae [5 and 6] may be straight, branched or cyclic, and includes various hexyl groups, various octyl groups, various nonyl groups, various decyl groups, various dodecyl groups, various tetradecyl groups, various hexadecyl groups, various octadecyl groups, various behenyl groups, various hexenyl groups, various octenyl groups, various decenyl groups, oleyl group, cyclohexyl group, cyclooctyl group, cyclododecyl group, various cyclohexenyl groups, various cyclooctenyl groups, various cyclododecenyl groups and so on.

The specific aryl group and aralkyl group adoptable as R¹⁶ in the formulae [5 and 6] may have an adequate substituent such as a straight, a branched or a cyclic lower alkyl group or the like on the aromatic ring, respectively, and may include the same ones as exemplified as the aryl group and aralkyl group in the above description for R¹⁶.

As preferable amines constituting the amine and amine addition salt according to the invention, mention may be made of decylamine, laurylamine, myristylamine, palmitylamine, stearylamine, behenylamine, oleylamine, monomethyl decylamine, monomethyl laurylamine, monomethyl myristylamine, monomethyl palmitylamine, monomethyl stearylamine, monomethyl oleylamine, monoethyl decylamine, monoethyl laurylamine, monoethyl myristylamine, monoethyl palmitylamine, monoethyl stearylamine, monoethyl oleylamine, monopropyl decylamine, monopropyl laurylamine, monopropyl myristylamine, monopropyl palmitylamine, monopropyl stearylamine, monopropyl oleylamine, dimethyl decylamine, dimethyl laurylamine, dimethyl myristylamine, dimethyl palmitylamine, dimethyl stearylamine, dimethyl oleylamine, diethyl decylamine, diethyl laurylamine, diethyl myristylamine, diethyl palmitylamine, diethyl stearylamine, diethyl oleylamine, methylethyl decylamine, methylethyl laurylamine, methylethyl myristylamine, methylethyl palmitylamine, methylethyl stearylamine, methylethyl oleylamine, di(hydroxyethyl) decylamine, di(hydroxyethyl) laurylamine, di(hydroxyethyl) myristylamine, di(hydroxyethyl) palmitylamine, di(hydroxyethyl) stearylamine, di(hydroxyethyl) oleylamine and so on. Among them, tertiary alkyl amines in which each of R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ is a saturated or an unsaturated alkyl group having a carbon number of 1-8, respectively, and the total carbon number of R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ is 10-24 are particularly favorable.

On the other hand, as the carboxylic acid constituting the amine addition salt according to the invention, saturated or unsaturated straight chain aliphatic acids in which the carbon number of R¹⁶ is 10-20 are preferable. As an example of this carboxylic acid, there are mentioned capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid and so on.

The amine addition salt according to the invention is preferable to have a molecular weight of 400-800.

Moreover, the amine addition salt may contain an inorganic salt such as a phosphate, a phosphite or the like in an amount of about 0.1-10% by weight of the amine addition salt for the purpose of increasing strength of flake or grain to prevent fusion likely caused at a high temperature in summer.

Further, the compounding amount of the amine compound is preferable to be 50-400% by weight of the maleimide compound. When the amount is less than 50% by weight, the synergistic effect by the combination with the maleimide compound is not obtained, while when it exceeds 400% by weight, vulcanization is promoted and the rubber tends to be scorched. From the similar viewpoint, the amount is preferably 100-200% by weight.

And also, the vulcanization accelerator usable in the invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably a benzothiazole-based vulcanization accelerator such as MBT (2-mercaptobenzothiazole), DM (dibenzothiazyl disulfide), CBS (N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfeneamide), TBBS (N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfeneamide), TBSI (N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfeneimide) or the like; a guanidine-based vulcanization accelerator such as DPG (diphenyl guanidine) or the like; a thiuram-based vulcanization accelerator such as tetraoctyl thiuram disulfide, tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide, tetramethyl thiuram disulfide, tetraisobutyl thiuram disulfide or the like; and a dithiocarbamate such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate or the like. Among them, DM, CBS, TBBS, tetraoctyl thiuram disulfide, and tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide are preferable because they exhibit a stable vulcanization system.

When a vulcanization accelerator such as guanidine type such as DPG (diphenyl guanidine), or zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is used together with the above preferable vulcanization accelerator, it is favorable that the amount of thiazoles, thiurams and dithiocarbamates in the vulcanization accelerator is not less than 50% by weight because the rigidity at a low strain aiming at the invention is enhanced.

The amount of the vulcanization accelerator used is preferably 0.1-5 parts by weight, more particularly 0.2-3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient.

The invention is considerably effective for a rubber composition containing a thiazole based vulcanization accelerator and/or a thiuram based vulcanization accelerator as well as a tire.

In the invention, at least one of silica, carbon black, calcium carbonate, titanium oxide and the like may be used as a reinforcing filler. Among them, silica and carbon black are preferable.

The compounding amount of the reinforcing filler is preferably 20-150 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient. When the amount is less than 20 parts by weight, the fracture properties and wear resistance of the vulcanizate are insufficient, while when it exceeds 150 parts by weight, the workability is not favorable. From the similar viewpoint, it is more preferably 25-80 parts by weight.

And also, the invention is effective when silica is compounded in an amount of 5-60 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient. When the compounding amount of silica is less than 5 parts by weight, it tends to lower the dry gripping performance, while when it exceeds 60 parts by weight, it tends to degrade the workability.

As the carbon black used as the reinforcing filler, there are mentioned HAF, ISAF, SAF and so on.

As silica, precipitated silica is preferably used. Particularly, it has a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N₂SA) of 100 to 300 m²/g, preferably 100 to 250 m²/g.

And also, when carbon black and silica are used together, the compounding ratio may arbitrarily be varied in accordance with the compounding purpose.

In addition to the above rubber ingredient, reinforcing filler, bismaleimide and hydrazide, the rubber composition according to the invention may be compounded with a silane coupling agent, vulcanizing agent, vulcanization accelerator, accelerator activator, antioxidant, antiozonant, age resistor, process oil, zinc white (ZnO), stearic acid and the like, which are usually used in the rubber industry, if necessary.

As the vulcanizing agent usable in the invention is mentioned, for example, sulfur and the like. The amount used is 0.1-10 parts by weight, preferably 0.5-5.0 parts by weight as a sulfur content per 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient. When the amount is less than 0.1 part by weight, the fracture properties and wear resistance of the vulcanized rubber tend to be degraded, while when it exceeds 10 parts by weight, the rubber elasticity tends to be lost.

In order to ensure an adequate tensile stress, sulfur is compounded in an amount of not less than 1.0 part by weight, more preferably not less than 1.2 parts by weight but not more than 8 parts by weight. When it exceeds 8 parts by weight, there may be problems such that sulfur blooms onto a rubber surface, and the like.

Furthermore, the compounding amount of the vulcanization accelerator including thiazoles, thiurams and dithiocarbamates is not more than 2 times of the compounding weight of sulfur on the total weight. When the vulcanization accelerator is compounded in excess of this amount, the tensile stress at a large deformation increases and hence the sufficient improvement of wet-skid properties aiming at the invention is not obtained.

It is also an essential feature of the invention that the crosslinking system is a sulfur crosslinking system with a specific range. For example, the object of the invention can not be attained by crosslinking using an organic peroxide or a resin.

As the process oil usable in the invention, mention may be made of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic ones. The aromatic oils are preferably used in applications regarding the fracture properties and wear resistance as importance, and the naphthenic or paraffinic oils are preferably used in applications regarding the low heat build-up and low temperature properties as importance. The amount used is preferably not more than 100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient. When it exceeds 100 parts by weight, it tends to degrade the fracture properties and low heat build-up property of the vulcanized rubber.

A preferable embodiment of the invention is a rubber composition comprising 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient, 5-60 parts by weight of silica and 0.5-4 parts by weight of N,N′-(1,3-phenylene) bismaleimide.

When the compounding amount of N,N′-(1,3-phenylene) bismaleimide is less than 0.5 part by weight, the wet performances are not sufficiently improved, while when it exceeds 4 parts by weight, the hardening tends to become vigorous and the cost becomes undesirably expensive.

Another preferable embodiment of the invention is a rubber composition compounding 0.5-4 parts by weight of N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane) bismaleimide and silica with 100 parts by weight of rubber ingredient containing not less than 50% by weight of at least one diene rubber of butadiene rubber and styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber.

When the compounding amount of N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane) bismaleimide is less than 0.5 part by weight, the wet performances are not improved, while when it exceeds 4 parts by weight, the hardening of the rubber becomes vigorous and the cost becomes undesirably expensive.

Further, the dynamic storage modulus (E′) of the rubber composition is preferable to be 7.0-16.0 MPa. When it is less than 7.0 MPa, the rigidity by feeling is insufficient, while when it exceeds 16.0 MPa, the ride comfort tends to be degraded. Similarly, the tensile stress at 300% elongation (M₃₀₀) is preferable to be 7.0-15.0 MPa. When it is less than 7.0 MPa, the rigidity by feeling is insufficient, while when it exceeds 15.0 MPa, the ride comfort tends to be degraded.

When the rubber composition according to the invention having the excellent properties as mentioned above is applied to a tread, since distribution of ground contact pressure of a tire can be uniformized, it largely contributes to the improvement of wet-skid performances.

In the pneumatic tire according to the invention, the above rubber composition is applied to the tread rubber. The structure of the tread is not particularly limited, and the rubber composition can be applied to one-layer structure comprising one tread rubber layer, a two-layer structure comprising cap rubber layer/base rubber layer, and further a multilayer structure. In any case, it is effective to arrange the rubber composition according to the invention at a ground contact side.

The rubber composition according to the invention is obtained by kneading the rubber ingredient, the maleimide compound, the nitrogen-containing compound, the reinforcing filler and the like described above by using a kneading machine such as rolls, internal mixer or the like, and vulcanizing after the forming. The rubber composition according to the invention can be suitably used in tire applications as a rubber member such as tire tread, under tread, carcass, sidewall, bead portion or the like as well as applications such as rubber vibration isolator, belt, hose and other industrial articles.

When the rubber composition according to the invention having the excellent properties as mentioned above is applied to a tread rubber of a pneumatic tire, since the distribution of ground contact pressure of the tire can be uniformized in addition to the aforementioned effects, the wet-skid performances are remarkably improved.

EXAMPLE

The invention will be described more concretely below.

<Physical Properties of Rubber Composition>

Various compounding ingredients as shown in Tables 1 to 22 are kneaded and compounded with a laboratory plastomill of 500 ml and 3-inch rolls to obtain uncured rubber compositions, respectively. With respect to each rubber composition, a curelasto test and a blow point test are carried out by the following methods (1) and (2).

And also, the tensile test, dynamic viscoelasticity test and hardness measurement after the vulcanization of each rubber composition are carried out by the following methods (3) and (4).

(1) Curelasto Test

The measurement is carried out at 145° C. by using MDR2000 made by Flexis Inc. of U.S.A.

M_(H) and M_(L) are maximum and minimum values of torque, respectively, and T₁₀, T₉₀ are times at which the rise of torque through vulcanization reaction reaches 10% and 90% of the total charge, respectively. Various data are represented by an index on the basis that Comparative Example 1 concerning the system compounded with carbon black as a filler, Comparative Example 3 concerning the system compounded with carbon black and silica as a filler, Comparative Example 6 concerning the system compounded with a large amount of silica as a filler and Comparative Example 8 concerning the system compounded with a large amount of carbon black as a filler are set to 100, respectively. As for the T₁₀ and T₉₀, the nearer the indices to 100, the better the workability.

(2) Blow Point Test

Various data measured at 170° C. under an activation energy of 20 kcal using a blow point measuring apparatus made by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd. are represented by an index on the basis that Comparative Example 1 concerning the system compounded with carbon black as a filler, Comparative Example 3 concerning the system compounded with carbon black and silica as a filler, Comparative Example 6 concerning the system compounded with a large amount of silica as a filler and Comparative Example 8 concerning the system compounded with a large amount of carbon black as a filler are set to 100, respectively. The larger the index value, the larger the blow point value, and longer vulcanization time is required and hence the productivity is degraded.

(3) Tensile Test

After vulcanization at 145° C. for a period corresponding to 1.5 times the T₉₀ obtained in the test (1), the tensile test is carried out according to JIS K 6301-1975 (using a No. 3 test piece) to measure an elongation at break (E_(B)), strength at break (T_(B)) and modulus at 300% elongation (M₃₀₀). Various data are represented by an index on the basis that Comparative Example 1 concerning the system compounded with carbon black as a filler, Comparative Example 3 concerning the system compounded with carbon black and silica as a filler, Comparative Example 6 concerning the system compounded with a large amount of silica as a filler and Comparative Example 8 concerning the system compounded with a large amount of carbon black as a filler are set to 100, respectively. The larger the index value, the better the fracture properties of the rubber composition.

(4) Dynamic Viscoelasticity Test

There are measured E′ (dynamic storage modulus), E″ (dynamic loss modulus) and tan δ (loss factor) at a frequency of 52 Hz, a measuring temperature of 30° C. and a strain of 1% by using a spectrometer (dynamic viscoelasticity measuring tester) made by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd. Various data are represented by an index on the basis that Comparative Example 1 concerning the system compounded with carbon black as a filler, Comparative Example 3 concerning the system compounded with carbon black and silica as a filler, Comparative Example 6 concerning the system compounded with a large amount of silica as a filler and Comparative Example 8 concerning the system compounded with a large amount of carbon black as a filler are set to 100, respectively.

(5) Hardness

The measurement is conducted according to a hardness test (type A), JIS K6301-1975.

<Performances of a Pneumatic Tire>

Pneumatic tires of Embodiments 1 to 6 having a tire size of 185/70R14 and a tread of one-layer structure and pneumatic tires of Embodiment 7 having a tire size of 175/65R14 and a tread of one-layer structure are prepared according to conventional manner by using one of rubber compositions of Examples 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 43, 44, 47, 49, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86 and 87 and Comparative Examples 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8 as a tread rubber. The steering performance (maneuverability) on a wet road surface with respect to these tires is evaluated by an actual running test.

(1) Maneuverability On Wet Road Surface

On a test course wetted by sprinkling water is actually run a vehicle of an FF 4-door sedan provided with each new tire, during which the driving performance, braking performance, steering responsibility and steering controllability are totally evaluated by a test driver while using the tire of Comparative Example 1, 6 or 8 as a control tire.

+1: a case that the professional test driver feels good to an extent of delicate recognition as compared to the control tire;

+2: a case that the professional test driver feels good to an extent of clear recognition as compared to the control tire;

+3: a case that a skilled driver among ordinary drivers feels good to an extent of recognition as compared to the control tire;

+4: a case that an ordinary driver feels good to an extent of recognition as compared to the control tire.

Further, the similar tire as mentioned above is prepared by using one of the rubber compositions of Examples 15, 19, 20, 21, 28, 32, 66, 71, 78, 81 and 82 and Comparative Examples 3, 4 and 6 as a tread rubber, and the performances of these tires are evaluated by a drum test according to the following method.

(2) Rolling Resistance

After each tire is inflated under an internal pressure of 1.7 kg/cm², it is run on a large-size testing drum at a speed of 80 km/h for a given time under a load of 395 kg, and then run by inertia by cutting the driving force of the drum off, during which the rolling resistance is measured from the deceleration rate of the tire and represented by an index on the basis that the evaluated value in the tire of Comparative Example 1, 6 or 8 as a control tire is set to 100. The larger the index value, the lower the rolling resistance and the better the result.

Embodiment 1

In this embodiment, the effect of compounding a maleimide compound and the effect of further compounding a polyaniline are examined with respect to rubber compositions having a basic formulation of Table 1 and prepared according to Table 2 or Table 3. The results are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.

TABLE 1 Parts by weight Rubber ingredient ^(*1) 100 Carbon black ^(*2) Variable Silica ^(*3) Variable Silane coupling agent ^(*4) Variable Aromatic oil 30 Stearic acid 2 Zinc white 3 Antioxidant ^(*5) 1 Vulcanization accelerator ^(*6) Variable Vulcanization accelerator ^(*7) 1 Sulfur 1.75 Bismaleimide ^(*8) Variable Polyaniline A, B, C or D ^(*9) Variable ^(*1) SBR1500 (Trademark: made by JSR Corporation) ^(*2) Seast 3H (Trademark: ISAF made by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.) ^(*3) Nipsil AQ (Trademark: made by Nippon Silica Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*4) Si 69 (Trademark: made by Degussa AG of German) ^(*5) Noclac 6C (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*6) Nocceler D (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*7) Nocceler NS (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*8) N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide ^(*9)A ANILIX (Trademark: made by Mitsui Chemicals Fine, Inc.) ^(*9)B 4,4′-(m-phenylenediisopropylidene)dianiline ^(*9)C bis-3-aminophenyl sulphone

TABLE 2 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Compar- Compar- ative Exam- Exam- ative Exam- Exam- Exam- Example Batch No. Example 1 ple 1 Example 2 ple 3 Example 2 ple 4 Example 5 Example 6 ple 7 Example 8 ple 9 10 Formulation (ingredients in Table 1, the amount of which is variable Carbon black 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 ISAF Silica Si 69 Nocceler D 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Bismaleimide 1.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 Polyaniline A 2.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Polyaniline B 1.0 Polyaniline C 1.0 Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 100 102 101 101 102 102 101 102 98 104 M_(H) 100 110 115 123 99 113 115 120 121 128 119 125 T₁₀ 100 103 107 115 85 99 95 89 99 95 102 89 T₉₀ 100 125 149 163 90 110 102 96 112 108 115 98 Blow point test 100 131 156 188 99 101 97 92 102 99 103 95 Tensile test EB 100.0 104.5 110.8 113.4 98.0 105.0 103.0 99.0 106.5 108.0 108.2 105.2 TB 100.0 103.0 107.2 105.2 99.0 101.0 98.0 97.0 103.2 104.0 104.2 98.5 M₃₀₀ 100.0 98.1 94.9 89.0 104.0 100.0 101.3 104.0 100.4 102.1 98.3 102.5 Dynamic visco- elasticity test E′ 100.0 125.6 133.9 145.0 105.0 130.5 134.5 142.3 140.2 156.3 139.7 143.5 E″ 100.0 122.1 118.4 125.0 115.5 126.0 117.0 122.4 122.4 133.4 123.7 121.0 tan δ 100.0 97.2 88.4 86.2 110.0 96.5 87.0 86.0 87.3 85.3 88.5 84.3 Tire performances Maneuverability Control +2 +2 +3

TABLE 3 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Compar- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- ative ple ple ple ple Batch No. Example 3 11 12 13 14 Formulation (ingredients in Table 1, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 ISAF Silica 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Si 69 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Nocceler D 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Bismaleimide 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Polyaniline A 0.5 0.5 1.0 Polyaniline B Polyaniline C Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 100 102 103 M_(H) 100 108 106 109 112 T₁₀ 100 106 101 103 97 T₉₉ 100 172 101 102 99 Blow point test 100 196 101 98 86 Tensile test EB 100.0 103.9 98.0 99.0 97.2 TB 100.0 94.6 96.0 94.2 95.6 M₃₀₀ 100.0 93.1 102.0 104.0 105.6 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 146.3 138.2 154.2 164.3 E″ 100.0 136.1 127.9 140.4 147.9 tan δ 100.0 93.0 92.5 91.0 90.0 Tire performances Maneuverability Control +2 +2 +3 +3

As seen from the above results, Comparative Example 2 using the polyaniline A alone is unfavorable because the blow point is similar to that of the control although T₉₀ is shortened and although E′ raises slightly, tan δ considerably increases.

On the contrary, E′ is increased by not less than 20% in Examples 1 to 3 using bismaleimide alone. Further, the delay of vulcanization is improved and the blow point is largely improved in Examples 4 to 10 using bismaleimide and polyaniline together. And also, E′ largely rises and tan δ tends to lower as compared with the case using bismaleimide alone.

Furthermore, the similar synergistic effect is exhibited by using a bismaleimide and a polyaniline together even in the system using carbon black and silica together as shown in Comparative Example 3 and Examples 11 to 14.

According to this embodiment, there can be provided a rubber composition suitable for a tread rubber or the like having a high workability, a good productivity and a high modulus of elasticity. And also, a pneumatic tire using such a rubber composition in a tread is excellent in the maneuverability.

Embodiment 2

In this embodiment, the effect of compounding a maleimide compound and the effect of further compounding a hydrazide are examined with respect to rubber compositions having a basic formulation of Table 4 and prepared according to Table 5 to Table 7. The results are shown in Table 5 to Table 7.

TABLE 4 Parts by weight Rubber ingredient ^(*1) 100 Carbon black ^(*2) Variable Silica ^(*3) Variable Silane Coupling agent ^(*4) Variable Aromatic Oil 30 Stearic acid 2 Zinc White 3 Antioxidant ^(*5) 1 Vulcanization accelerator ^(*6) Variable Vulcanization accelerator ^(*7) 1 Sulfur 1.75 Bismaleimide ^(*8) Variable Hydrazide A, B, or C ^(*9) Variable ^(*1) SBR1500 (Trademark: made by JSR Corporation) ^(*2) Seast 3H (Trademark: ISAF made by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.) ^(*3) Nipsil AQ (Trademark: made by Nippon Silica Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*4) Si 69 (Trademark: made by Degussa AG of German) ^(*5) Noclac 6C (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*6) Nocceler D (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*7) Nocceler NS (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*8) N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide ^(*9)A 3-hydroxy, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide ^(*9)B N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide ^(*9)C isophthalic acid di(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)hydrazide ^(*9)D isonicotinic acid(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)hydrazide

TABLE 5 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Com- Com- par- par- ative ative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. ple 4 ple 15 ple 16 ple 17 ple 5 ple 18 ple 19 ple 20 ple 21 ple 22 ple 23 ple 24 ple 25 ple 26 Formulation (ingredients in Table 4, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 ISAF Silica Si 69 Nocceler D 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Bismaleimide 1.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Polyaniline A 1.0 0.25 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 Polyaniline B 0.5 1.0 Polyaniline C 0.5 Polyaniline D 0.5 Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 100 102 101 100 101 101 100 102 98 104 101 102 M_(H) 100 110 115 123 100 113 117 123 121 131 119 125 112 114 T₁₀ 100 103 107 115 95 101 99 96 99 96 102 89 98 94 T₉₀ 100 125 149 163 92 107 103 99 110 106 115 98 102 96 Blow point test 100 131 156 188 102 105 98 97 101 99 103 95 97 95 Tensile test EB 100.0 104.5 110.8 113.4 96.5 99.1 96.5 93.8 98.5 101.0 98.3 98.9 96.4 93.1 TB 100.0 103.0 107.2 105.2 99.0 101.0 98.0 97.3 97.5 100.4 99.5 102.0 98.9 99.5 M₃₀₀ 100.0 98.1 94.9 89.0 105.0 100.0 103.5 105.7 105.2 105.8 101.5 104.2 103.4 106.2 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 125.6 133.9 145.0 102.0 130.3 135.2 142.3 141.3 155.4 132.5 138.5 130.2 136.2 tan δ 100.0 97.2 88.4 86.2 87.2 93.4 86.8 82.5 86.9 84.1 90.2 87.1 85.1 96.1 Tire performances Maneuver- Control +1 +2 +3 +3 ability Rolling 100 100 103 105 103 resistance

TABLE 6 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. Example 3 ple 11 ple 27 ple 28 ple 29 Formulation (ingredients in Table 4, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 ISAF Silica 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Si 69 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Nocceler D 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Bismaleimide 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Hydrazide A 0.5 0.5 1.0 Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 100 102 103 M_(H) 100 108 107 110 111 T₁₀ 100 106 100 102 97 T₉₀ 100 172 101 104 99 Blow point test 100 196 104 106 100 Tensile test EB 100.0 103.9 96.5 95.6 96.5 TB 100.0 94.6 99.5 100.6 99.8 M₃₀₀ 100.0 93.1 99.8 97.3 98.7 E′ 100.0 146.3 138.2 156.2 168.2 tan δ 100.0 93.0 87.5 86.5 82.1 Tire performances Maneuverability Control 2 2 3 Rolling 100 104 resistance

TABLE 7 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. Example 6 ple 30 ple 31 ple 32 ple 33 Formulation (ingredients in Table 4, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ISAF Silica 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 Si 69 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Nocceler D 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Bismaleimide 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Hydrazide A 0.5 0.5 1.0 Curelasto test M_(L) 100 93 100 104 103 M_(H) 100 97 100 102 103 T₁₀ 100 106 102 104 105 T₉₀ 100 158 98 98 100 Blow point test 100 178 108 105 102 Tensile test EB 100.0 107.9 101.0 99.5 96.3 TB 100.0 98.2 99.0 97.0 95.0 M₃₀₀ 100.0 85.8 99.0 101.0 102.0 E′ 100.0 144.5 135.0 148.0 162.0 tan δ 100.0 102.0 97.0 92.0 88.0 Tire performances Maneuverability Control 2 1 2 4 Rolling 100 103 resistance

As seen from the above results, in Comparative Example 5 using hydrazide A alone, although T₉₀, is slightly short as compared to Comparative Example 1, the blow point is equal to that of the control and E′ is not substantially increased.

On the contrary, in Examples 15 to 17 using bismaleimide alone, E′ is increased by not less than 20%, and in Examples 18˜26 using bismaleimide and hydrazide together, the delay of vulcanization is improved and the blow point is remarkably improved.

Furthermore, it can be seen that E′ is considerably increased by compounding a hydrazide as compared with the case using bismaleimide alone and there is a synergistic effect by a combination of these two compounds.

Further, it can be seen that when the rubber compositions of Examples 19, 20, 21 are used in a tread, the wet maneuverability is improved and the rolling resistance value is decreased as compared to Comparative Example 4, whereby a higher maneuverability and a low fuel consumption can simultaneously be established.

Moreover, it can be seen that the similar synergistic effect is exhibited by using a bismaleimide and a hydrazide together even in the system using carbon black and silica together as shown in Comparative Example 3, Example 11 and Examples 27 to 29 and the system using a large amount of silica as shown in Comparative Example 6 and Examples 30 to 33.

According to this embodiment, there can be provided a rubber composition suitable as a tread rubber or the like having a high workability, a good productivity, a high elasticity and a low heat build-up. And also, a pneumatic tire using such a rubber in a tread is excellent in the maneuverability and low fuel consumption.

Embodiment 3

In this embodiment, the effect of compounding a maleimide compound and the effect of further compounding a hydrazide of a type different from that of Embodiment 2 are examined with respect to rubber compositions having a basic formulation of Table 8 and prepared according to Table 9 or Table 10. The results are shown in Table 9 and Table 10.

TABLE 8 Parts by weight Rubber Ingredient ^(*1) 100 Carbon Black ^(*2) Variable Silica ^(*3) Variable Silane Coupling agent ^(*4) Variable Aromatic Oil 30 Stearic acid 2 Zinc White 3 Antioxidant ^(*5) 1 Vulcanization accelerator ^(*6) Variable Vulcanization accelerator ^(*7) 1 Sulfur 1.75 Bismaleimide ^(*8) Variable Hydrazide E, F, G or H ^(*9) Variable ^(*1) SBR1500 (Trademark: made by JSR Corporation) ^(*2) Seast 3H (Trademark: ISAF made by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd. ISAF) ^(*3) Nipsil AQ (Trademark: made by Nippon Silica Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*4) Si 69 (Trademark: made by Degussa AG of German) ^(*5) Noclac 6C (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*6) Nocceler D (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*7) Nocceler NS (Trademark: made by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*8) N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide ^(*9)E Adipic acid hydrazide ^(*9)F Salicylic acid hydrazide ^(*9)G Isophthalic acid hydrazide ^(*9)H 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide

TABLE 9 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Com- Com- par- par- ative ative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. ple 1 ple 1 ple 2 ple 3 ple 7 ple 34 ple 35 ple 36 ple 37 ple 38 ple 39 ple 40 ple 41 ple 42 Formulation (ingredients in Table 8, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 ISAF Silica Si 69 Nocceler D 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Bismaleimide 1.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Polyaniline E 1.0 0.25 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 Polyaniline F 0.5 1.0 Polyaniline G 0.5 Polyaniline H 0.5 Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 100 102 101 101 102 102 101 102 98 104 101 102 M_(H) 100 110 115 123 99 112 115 120 121 128 119 125 116 117 T₁₀ 100 103 107 115 94 101 99 96 99 96 102 89 98 94 T₉₀ 100 125 149 163 90 108 102 98 111 108 115 98 102 96 Blow point test 100 131 156 188 98 103 97 92 97 99 103 95 96 91 Tensile test EB 100.0 104.5 110.8 113.4 96.5 99.1 96.5 93.8 98.5 101.0 98.3 98.9 96.4 93.1 TB 100.0 103.0 107.2 105.2 99.0 101.0 98.0 97.3 97.5 100.4 99.5 102.0 98.9 99.5 M₃₀₀ 100.0 98.1 94.9 89.0 105.0 100.0 103.5 105.7 105.2 105.8 101.5 104.2 103.4 106.2 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 125.6 133.9 145.0 102.0 128.2 133.2 138.5 141.3 155.4 139.7 143.5 135.6 137.9 E″ 100.0 122.1 118.4 125.0 100.5 122.3 122.7 122.7 122.8 130.7 115.4 114.0 115.4 111.0 tan δ 100.0 97.2 88.4 86.2 98.5 95.4 92.1 88.6 86.9 84.1 82.6 79.4 85.1 80.5 Tire performances Maneuver- Control +2 +2 +3 ability

TABLE 10 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. Example 3 ple 11 ple 43 ple 44 ple 45 Formulation (ingredients in Table 8, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 ISAF Silica 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Si 69 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Nocceler D 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Bismaleimide 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Hydrazide E 0.5 0.5 1.0 Hydrazide F Hydrazide G Hydrazide H Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 100 102 103 M_(H) 100 108 106 109 112 T₁₀ 100 106 100 102 97 T₉₀ 100 172 101 104 99 Blow point test 100 196 103 104 98 Tensile test EB 100.0 103.9 96.5 95.6 96.5 TB 100.0 94.6 99.5 100.6 99.8 M₃₀₀ 100.0 93.1 103.4 102.5 106.8 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 146.3 138.2 156.2 168.2 E″ 100.0 136.1 126.5 141.9 153.4 tan δ 100.0 93.0 91.5 90.8 91.2 Tire performances Maneuverability Control +2 +2 +2

As seen from the above results, Comparative Example 7 is an example using hydrazide E alone, wherein although T₉₀, is shortened, the blow point is approximately equal to that of the control and E′ hardly increases.

On the contrary, in Examples 34 to 40 using a bismaleimide and the hydrazide E together, the delay of vulcanization is improved and also the blow point is considerably improved, and E′ increases and tan δ lowers as compared with Examples 1 to 3 using bismaleimide alone.

Further, it can be also understood that a similar synergistic effect is exhibited by simultaneously adopting a bismaleimide and a hydrazide, also in the blending system simultaneously adopting carbon black/silica as exhibited by Comparative Example 3, Example 11, and Examples 43 through 45.

According to this embodiment, there can be provided a rubber composition capable of improving a workability with a good productivity and having a higher elastic modulus and suitable for a tread rubber. Further, a pneumatic tire having a tread, for which such a rubber is utilized, has a superior maneuverability.

Embodiment 4

In this embodiment, concerning the rubber compositions prepared according to the basic formulation of Table 11 and according to Table 12 through Table 14, there were considered a blending effect of the maleimide compound as well as an effect when an amine compound is simultaneously used. The results are shown in Table 12 through Table 14.

TABLE 11 Parts by Weight Rubber Component ^(*1) 100 Carbon Black ^(*2) Variable Silica ^(*3) Variable Silane Coupling Agent ^(*4) Variable Aroma Oil 30 Stearate 2 Zinc White 3 Antioxidant ^(*5) 1 Vulcanization Accelerator ^(*6) Variable Vulcanization Accelerator ^(*7) 1 Sulfur 1.75 Bismaleimide ^(*8) Variable Amine Compound A, B, or C ^(*9) Variable ^(*1) SBR1500 (Trademark: manufactured by JSR Co., Ltd.) ^(*2) Seast (Trademark: ISAF manufactured by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.) ^(*3) Nipsil AQ (Trademark: manufactured by Nippon Silica Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*4) Si69 (Trademark: manufactured by Degussa AG of German) ^(*5) Noclac 6C (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*6) Nocceler D (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*7) Nocceler NS (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*8) N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide ^(*9)A dimethyl stearylamine/stearic acid salt ^(*9)B stearylamine/stearic acid salt ^(*9)C dimethyl stearylamine

TABLE 12 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Com- Com- par- par- ative ative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. ple 8 ple 15 ple 16 ple 17 ple 9 ple 46 ple 47 ple 48 ple 49 ple 50 ple 51 ple 52 ple 53 ple 54 Formulation (ingredients in Table 11, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 ISAF Silica 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Si 69 Nocceler D 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Bismaleimide 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Polyaniline A 2.0 1.00 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 Polyaniline B 2.0 4.0 Polyaniline C 1.0 2.0 Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 100 102 98 99 98 96 97 102 98 96 98 96 M_(H) 100 110 115 123 103 109 111 123 115 131 111 123 111 123 T₁₀ 100 103 107 115 95 101 99 96 99 96 99 96 99 96 T₉₀ 100 125 149 163 93 107 105 96 109 106 106 97 103 95 Blow point test 100 131 156 188 96 105 101 95 97 99 102 95 101 95 Tensile test M₃₀₀ 100.0 98.1 94.9 89.0 102.1 100.0 103.5 105.7 105.2 105.8 105.1 104.3 101.2 100.2 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 125.6 133.9 145.0 101.2 133.6 135.2 136.8 141.3 148.1 135.9 136.5 137.2 138.1 tan δ 100.0 97.2 88.4 86.2 97.2 88.3 87.5 87.1 86.9 85.2 88.1 87.1 85.2 84.1 Tire performances Maneuver- Control +2 +2 +3 ability

TABLE 13 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. Example 3 ple 11 ple 55 ple 56 ple 57 Formulation (ingredients in Table 11, the amount of which is variable) ISAF Carbon 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 Black Silica 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Si 69 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Nocceler D 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Bismaleimide 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Amine A 1.0 2.0 4.0 Amine B Amine C Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 97 92 87 M_(H) 100 108 107 109 111 T₁₀ 100 106 100 102 97 T₉₀ 100 172 111 104 99 Blow point test 100 196 115 108 97 Tension Test M₃₀₀ 100.0 93.1 99.8 99.9 101.2 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 146.3 148.2 149.3 151.2 tan δ 100.0 93.0 89.1 86.5 83.5 Tire performances Maneuverability Control +2 +2 +3

TABLE 14 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. Example 6 ple 30 ple 58 ple 59 ple 60 Formulation (ingredients in Table 11, the amount of which is variable) ISAF Carbon 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Black Silica 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 Si 69 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Nocceler D 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Bismaleimide 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Amine A 1.0 2.0 4.0 Amine B Amine C Curelasto test M_(L) 100 93 89 87 81 M_(H) 100 97 98 101 99 T₁₀ 100 106 102 99 91 T₉₀ 100 158 104 98 92 Blow point test 100 178 109 103 95 Tension test M₃₀₀ 100.0 85.8 99.0 101.0 102.0 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 144.5 143.1 142.5 143.2 tan δ 100.0 102.0 98.0 96.0 92.0 Tire performance Maneuverability Control +2 +1 +2 +4

From the above results, the amine addition salt itself tends to promote a vulcanization reaction in Comparative Example 9, but this is 10% or less relative to Comparative Example 8 and is not a large effect.

Contrary, in Examples 46 through 54 simultaneously adopting a bismaleimide and an amine compound, the E′ value is remarkably increased while substantially maintaining the M₃₀₀ value, so that not only the maneuverability on a wet road surface is improved, but also the delay of vulcanization is remarkably improved and the blow point is remarkably improved. Further, it can be understood that a similar synergistic effect is exhibited by simultaneously adopting a bismaleimide and an amine compound, in the systems including a large blending amount of silica as exhibited by Comparative Example 3,

Example 11 and Examples 55 through 57

According to this embodiment, there can be provided a rubber composition capable of improving a workability with a good productivity and having a higher elastic modulus and a lower heat build-up, which rubber composition is suitable for a tread rubber. Further, a pneumatic tire having a tread, for which such a rubber is utilized, has a superior maneuverability and rolling resistance.

Embodiment 5

In this embodiment, concerning the rubber compositions prepared according to the basic formulation of Table 15 and according to Table 16 through Table 18, there was considered a blending effect when an oligomer or polymer of bismaleimide is used as a maleimide compound. The results are shown in Table 16 through Table 18.

TABLE 15 Parts by Weight Rubber Component ^(*1) 100 Carbon Black ^(*2) Variable Silica ^(*3) Variable Silane Coupling Agent ^(*4) Variable Aroma Oil 30 Stearate 2 Zinc White 3 Antioxidant ^(*5) 1 Vulcanization Accelerator ^(*6) Variable Vulcanization Accelerator ^(*7) 1 Sulfur 1.75 Maleimide Compound A, B, or C ^(*8) Variable ^(*1) SBR1500 (Trademark: manufactured by JSR Co., Ltd.) ^(*2) Seast (Trademark: ISAF manufactured by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.) ^(*3) Nipsil AQ (Trademark: manufactured by Nippon Silica Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*4) Si69 (Trademark: manufactured by Degussa AG of German) ^(*5) Noclac 6C (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*6) Nocceler D (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*7) Nocceler NS (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*8)A Nocceler PM-P (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*8)B Kelimid B601(Trademark: manufactured by Asahi Chiba Co., Ltd.) ^(*8)C BT4680 (Trademark: manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc.)

TABLE 16 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Example Example Example Example Example Batch No. Example 1 61 62 63 64 65 Formulation (ingredients in Table 15, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 ISAF Silica Si 69 Nocceler D 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Maleimide 2.0 compound A Maleimide 1.0 2.0 3.0 compound B Maleimide 2.0 compound C Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 101 102 102 102 M_(H) 100 115 111 115 120 113 T₁₀ 100 107 104 107 106 105 T₉₀ 100 149 98 102 104 106 Blow point test 100 156 99 97 96 101 Tension test E_(B) 100.0 110.8 102.0 103.0 99.0 105 T_(B) 100.0 107.2 101.0 98.0 97.0 102 M₃₀₀ 100.0 94.9 100.0 100.8 102.0 98.0 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 133.9 116.0 130.0 144.0 132.0 tan δ 100.0 88.4 95.0 87.0 86.0 95.1 Tire performance Maneuverability Control +2 Not +2 Not +2 exercised exercised

TABLE 17 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Example Example Example Example Example Batch No. Example 3 66 67 68 69 70 Formulation (ingredients in Table 15, the amount of which is variable) Carbon Black 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 ISAF Silica 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Si 69 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Nocceler D 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Maleimide 2.0 compound A Maleimide 1.0 2.0 3.0 compound B Maleimide 2.0 compound C Curelasto test M_(L) 100 100 100 104 102 103 M_(H) 100 108 106 107 105 106 T₁₀ 100 106 103 103 105 105 T₉₀ 100 171 102 105 108 107 Blow point test 100 196 103 95 86 101 Tension test E_(B) 100.0 103.9 98.0 99.0 97.2 102 T_(B) 100.0 94.6 96.0 94.2 95.6 100 M₃₀₀ 100.0 93.1 102.0 104.0 106.0 96.2 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 137.0 124.0 144.0 158.0 142.1 tan δ 100.0 105.0 95.0 91.0 90.0 96.5 Tire performance Maneuverability Control +2 +1 +2 +3 +2

TABLE 18 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Example Example Example Example Example Batch No. Example 6 71 72 73 74 75 Formulation (ingredients in Table 15, the amount of which is variable) Carbon Black 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ISAF Silica 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 Si 69 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Nocceler D 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Maleimide 2.0 compound A Maleimide 1.0 2.0 3.0 compound B Maleimide 2.0 compound C Curelasto test M_(L) 100 93 100 104 103 103 M_(H) 100 97 99 101 102 102 T₁₀ 100 106 102 104 105 108 T₉₀ 100 158 96 98 100 103 Blow point test 100 178 105 104 101 108 Tension test E_(B) 100.0 107.9 101.0 99.5 96.3 105 T_(B) 100.0 98.2 99.0 97.0 95.0 102 M₃₀₀ 100.0 85.8 98.0 102.0 103.0 87.9 Dynamic viscoelasticity Test E′ 100.0 139.0 120.0 146.0 160.0 143.2 tan δ 100.0 108.0 101.0 99.0 97.0 101.8 Tire performance Maneuverability Control +3 +1 +3 +4 +3

From the above results, when 2.0 parts by weight of bismaleimide is blended into Comparative Example 1 (i.e., in Example 61), E′ is increased by 30% or more, and the tire performance is also remarkably improved. Further, by adopting an oligomer or polymer of bismaleimide, E′ is remarkably increased similarly to the situation adopting a bismaleimide, while T₉₀ and blow point value are not so affected that the productivity is not deteriorated.

Further, when these rubber compositions were used as a tire tread, there was obtained a higher maneuverability of tire substantially identical with the case of bismaleimide.

Substantially same effects were also confirmed in the systems simultaneously adopting carbon black and silica as exhibited by Comparative Example 3 and Examples 66 through 70, and in the systems adopting a large amount of silica as exhibited by Comparative Example 6 and Examples 71 through 75.

According to this embodiment, there can be provided a rubber composition capable of improving a workability with a good productivity and having a higher elastic modulus and suitable for a tread rubber. Further, a pneumatic tire having a tread, for which such a rubber is utilized, has a superior maneuverability.

Embodiment 6

In this embodiment, concerning the rubber compositions prepared according to the basic formulation of Table 19 and according to Table 20 or Table 21, there was considered a blending effect of various maleimide compounds. The results are shown in Table 20 and Table 21.

TABLE 19 Parts by Weight Rubber Component ^(*1) 100 Carbon Black ^(*2) Variable Silica ^(*3) Variable Silane Coupling Agent ^(*4) Variable Aroma Oil 30 Stearate 2 Zinc White 3 Antioxidant ^(*5) 1 Vulcanization Accelerator ^(*6) Variable Vulcanization Accelerator ^(*7) 1 Sulfur 1.75 Maleimide Compound D, E, F, C or H ^(*8) Variable ^(*1) SBR1500 (Trademark: manufactured by JSR Co., Ltd.) ^(*2) Seast (Trademark: ISAF manufactured by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.) ^(*3) Nipsil AQ (Trademark: manufactured by Nippon Silica Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*4) Si69 (Trademark: manufactured by Degussa AG of German) ^(*5) Noclac 6C (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*6) Nocceler D (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*7) Nocceler NS (Trademark: manufactured by Ohuchi Shinko Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) ^(*8)D N,N′-(1,3-phenylene)bismaleimide ^(*8)E 1,3-bis(citraconimide)benzene ^(*8)F 1,3-bis(citraconimidemethyl)benzene ^(*8)G N-phenyl maleimide ^(*8)H N-methyl maleimide ^(*8)I N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide

TABLE 20 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Batch No. Example 3 66 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Formulation (ingredients in Table 19, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black ISAF 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 Silica 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Si 69 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Nocceler D 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Maleimide compound D 2.0 Maleimide compound E 2.0 Maleimide compound F 2.0 Maleimide compound G 2.0 Maleimide compound H 2.0 Maleimide compound I 1.0 2.0 3.0 Tensile test M₃₀₀ 100.0 94.9 96 91 75 87 98 96 95 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 137.0 127.4 116.4 136.2 123.2 124.0 136.0 148.0 tan δ 100.0 105.0 114.7 118.6 114.4 115.9 98.0 97.5 98.0 Tire performances Rolling resistance 100 97 94 101 102 Maneuverability Control 2 2 2 3

TABLE 21 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Batch No. Example 6 ple 71 ple 83 ple 84 ple 85 Formulation (ingredients in Table 19, the amount of which is variable) Carbon black 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ISAF Silica 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 Si 69 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Nocceler D 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Maleimide 2.0 compound A Maleimide 1.0 2.0 3.0 compound I Tension test M₃₀₀ 100.0 89.0 95 93 89 Dynamic viscoelasticity test E′ 100.0 139.0 122.0 137.0 149.0 tan δ 100.0 108.0 100.0 99.0 101.0 Tire performance Rolling 100 94 100 100 Resistance Maneuverability Control 2 2 3

Maleimide Compound I: 1,3-phenylene bismaleimide

As seen from the above results, M₃₀₀ is decreased and E′ is largely increased to improve the maneuverability of tire by using a maleimide compound. Particularly, in case of using N,N′-(methylene-di-p-phenylene) bismaleimide as shown in Examples 80, 81 and 82, E′ increases to improve the maneuverability of the tire but also tan δ at 60° C. becomes smaller than that of the control (Comparative Example 3) and the rolling resistance of the tire becomes substantially equal to the control.

It can be seen that even in the system using a large amount of silica as shown in Comparative Example 6, Example 71 and Examples 83 to 85, the maneuverability of the tire and rolling resistance of the tire can simultaneously be established at a higher level, which has never been attained in the conventional technique, by compounding bismaleimide, particularly N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane) bismaleimide.

Embodiment 7

In this embodiment, the compounding effect using 1,3-phenylene bismaleimide as a maleimide compound is examined with respect to rubber compositions prepared according to the formulation of Table 22. The results are shown in Table 22.

TABLE 22 (Compounding unit: parts by weight) Comparative Example 10 Example 86 E-SBR 100 100 ZrO 5 5 Stearic acid 3 3 Silica 50 50 Process oil 3 3 Vulcanization accelerator/S 0.8/2.2 0.8/2.2 Maleimide compound I 0 2 Hardness 68 68 E′ (MPa) 11.3 15.5 M₃₀₀ (MPa) 7.65 7.31 Maneuverability Control +3 Vulcanization accelerator: N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazyl sulfeneamide

Maleimide compound I: 1,3-phenylene bismaleimide

As seen from the test results, the balance between E′ and M₃₀₀ (large deformation modulus) can be optimized in Example 86, and particularly, distribution of ground contact pressure of a tire on a wet road surface having a low frictional coefficient is uniformized to improve maneuvering performance on a wet road surface.

As mentioned above, according to the invention, there can be provided a rubber composition capable of improving maneuverability on a slippery wet road surface having an extremely low frictional coefficient and having a low rolling resistance without exerting upon the productivity of tire and other performances. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A rubber composition comprising a rubber ingredient comprising at least one rubber selected from the group consisting of natural rubber and synthetic diene rubber, at least one maleimide compound and at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of polyaniline, hydrazide and amine compound, wherein said amine compound is at least one amine compound selected from the group consisting of an amine represented by the following general formula (5) and an amine addition salt represented by the following general formula (6):

wherein R¹³ is a saturated or an unsaturated alkyl group having a carbon number of 8-24, an aryl group having a carbon number of 6-24 or an aralkyl group having a carbon number of 7-24, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are a hydrogen atom, a saturated or an unsaturated alkyl group having a carbon number of 1-12, an aryl group having a carbon number of 6-12, an aralkyl group having a carbon number of 7-12, —(CH₂O)_(P)H, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(P)H, —(CH(CH₃)CH₂O)_(P)H or —(CH₂CH₂CH₂O)_(P)H, respectively, provided that a total value of p in R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ is an integer of 1-4;

wherein R¹³-R¹⁵ as defined above and R¹⁶ is a saturated or an unsaturated alkyl group having a carbon number of 6-24, an aryl group having a carbon number of 6-24 or an aralkyl group having a carbon number of 7-24.
 2. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein said nitrogen-containing compound is a polyaniline represented by the following general formula (1):

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ each independently represents H or NH₂, at least one of R¹-R⁵ is NH₂, n is an integer of not less than 2, R⁶ is n-valent saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic, aromatic, branched or straight chain hydrocarbon residue, —O—, —S—, —SO₂— or an n-valent saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic, aromatic, branched or straight chain hydrocarbon residue containing at least one hetero atom.
 3. A rubber composition according to claim 2, wherein the polyaniline is bis(3-aminophenyl)sulphone, 4,4′-(m-phenylene diisopropylidene)dianiline, or an aromatic polyaniline represented by the following general formula (2):

wherein 1 is an integer of not less than
 0. 4. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein said nitrogen-containing compound is a hydrazide represented by the following general formula (3) or (4):

wherein R⁷ is a non-cyclic aliphatic group having a carbon number of 2-18, a non-cyclic aliphatic group having an aromatic group therein and having a carbon number of 2-18, a cyclic aliphatic group having a carbon number of 5-20, a cyclic aliphatic group having at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 5-20, an aromatic group having a carbon number of 6-18, an aromatic group having at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 6-18, an alkyl aromatic group having a carbon number of 7-24 or an alkyl aromatic group having at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 7-24, R⁸ is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, an amino group or a mercapto group, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1-18, an alkyl group having at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 1-18, a cyclohexyl group, a cyclohexyl group having at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, an aromatic group or an aromatic group having at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and are the same or different, and s is an integer of 1-3;

wherein R¹¹ is a non-cyclic aliphatic group having a carbon number of 2-18, a non-cyclic aliphatic group having at least one hetero atom of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 2-18, a non-cyclic aliphatic group having an aromatic group therein and having a carbon number of 2-18, a non-cyclic aliphatic group having an aromatic group therein, having at least one hetero atom of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 2-18, a cyclic aliphatic group having a carbon number of 5-20, a cyclic aliphatic group having at least one hetero atom of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 5-20, an aromatic group having a carbon number of 6-18, an aromatic group having at least one hetero atom of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 6-18, an alkyl aromatic group having a carbon number of 7-24 or an alkyl aromatic group having at least one hetero atom of O, N and S and having a carbon number of 7-24, R¹² is a hydroxy group, an amino group, a hydrazide group or a mercapto group; and 5 is an integer of 1-3.
 5. A rubber composition according to claim 4, wherein the hydrazide is 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 1-hydroxy, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 3-hydroxy, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 2-hydroxy, N′-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 2-hydroxy, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(1-methylethylidene)hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(1-methylpropylidene)hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(1-methylbutylidene)hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)hydrazide, isophthalic acid di(2-furylmethylene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (1-methylethylidene)hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (1-methylpropylidene)hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (1-methylbutylidene) hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (1,3-dimethylbutylidene)hydrazide, isonicotinic acid (2-furylmethylene)hydrazide, N′-(1-methylethylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylpropylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1-methylbutylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(2,6-dimethyl-4-heptylidene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, N′-(2-furylmethylene)-salicylic acid hydrazide, adipic acid dihydrazide, isophthalic acid dihydrazide, salicylic acid hydrazide or 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide.
 6. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein in the general formulae of the amine and the amine addition salt, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ independently are a saturated or an unsaturated alkyl groups having a carbon number of 1-8, and a total value of the carbon number in R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ in each of the amine and the amine addition salt is 10-24.
 7. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the amine is dimethyl stearylamine or stearylamine.
 8. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the amine addition salt is a stearic acid salt of dimethyl stearylamine or a stearic acid salt of methyl stearylamine.
 9. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the maleimide compound is a bismaleimide compound, or an oligomer or polymer of maleimide.
 10. A rubber composition according to claim 9, wherein the oligomer or polymer of maleimide is an oligomer or polymer of bismaleimide.
 11. A rubber composition comprising at least one of natural rubber and synthetic diene rubbers as a rubber ingredient and at least one maleimide compound selected from the group consisting of bismaleimide, oligomer and polymer of bismaleimide.
 12. A rubber composition according to claim 9, wherein the bismaleimide compound is at least one compound represented by the following general formula (7):

wherein R¹⁷ is R¹⁸ or R¹⁹-R¹⁸-R²⁰, R¹⁸ is an aromatic group having a carbon number of 6-18, an alkyl aromatic group having a carbon number of 7-24 or a methylene group, and R¹⁹ and R²⁰ are an alkylene group having a carbon number of 1-3 or a phenylene group, respectively.
 13. A rubber composition according to claim 11, wherein the bismaleimide compound is at least one compound represented by the following general formula (7):

wherein R¹⁷ is R¹⁸ or R¹⁹-R¹⁸-R²⁰, R¹⁸ is an aromatic group having a carbon number of 6-18, an alkyl aromatic group having a carbon number of 7-24 or a methylene group, and R¹⁹ and R²⁰ are an alkylene group having a carbon number of 1—3 or a phenylene group, respectively.
 14. A rubber composition according to claim 12, wherein the bismaleimide compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide and N,N′-(1,3-phenylene) bismaleimide.
 15. A rubber composition according to claim 13, wherein the oligomer or polymer of a bismaleimide is at least one of a polyamino bismaleimide resin and a bismaleimide triazine resin.
 16. A rubber composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one filler selected from the group consisting of carbon black and silica.
 17. A rubber composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one vulcanization accelerator selected from the group consisting of thiazoles, thiurams and dithiocarbamates.
 18. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the rubber ingredient contains not less than 50% by weight of at least one rubber selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber and butadiene rubber.
 19. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the rubber ingredient contains not less than 50% by weight of styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber.
 20. A rubber composition according to claim 18, wherein the styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber is obtained by emulsion polymerization.
 21. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the maleimide compound is compounded in an amount of 0.1-30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the rubber ingredient.
 22. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyaniline is compounded at a ratio of 10-200% by weight of the maleimide compound.
 23. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the hydrazide is compounded at a ratio of 5-200% by weight of the maleimide compound.
 24. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the amine compound is compounded at a ratio of 50-400% by weight of the maleimide compound.
 25. A rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein a dynamic storage modulus (E′) is 7.0-16.0 MPa, and a tensile stress at 300% elongation (M₃₀₀) is 7.0-15.0 MPa.
 26. A pneumatic tire comprising a tread portion, wherein a rubber composition comprising a rubber ingredient comprising at least one rubber selected from the group consisting of natural rubber and synthetic diene rubbers, at least one maleimide compound, and at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of polyaniline, hydrazide and amine compound is used as a rubber composition constituting the tread portion.
 27. A pneumatic tire comprising a tread portion, wherein a rubber composition comprising a rubber ingredient comprising at least one rubber selected from the group consisting of natural rubber and synthetic diene rubbers, at least one maleimide compound selected from the group consisting of bismaleimide, an oligomer of bismaleimide and a polymer of bismaleimide is used as a rubber composition constituting the tread portion. 